Understanding Consumer Law

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We hope the articles below help you understand your rights as a consumer. You can scroll through the titles, or sort by Practice Area or Topic. You can also use the search feature to locate information by keyword.

Flitter Milz represents people with a variety of problems involving consumer credit and collections. If you have a particular question or believe your consumer rights have been violated, Contact Us for a no cost consultation.

Repossession Laws

Car Repossessions on the Rise

Car repossessions are increasing across the United States. A repossession can happen when a borrower does not satisfy the terms of their loan. The numbers are rising quickly. In 2025, there were approximately 3 million vehicle repossessions across the country. We have not seen levels this high since the Great Recession of 2008 – 2009.

The High Cost of a Car Purchase

The cost of purchasing a car is higher than ever.  Last year, the average price of a new car was more than $50,000, and used cars about $26,000. It has been reported that the average monthly payment for a new car is about $749, where a used car is about $529.

The High Cost of Financing an Auto Loan

Interest rates on car loans also remain high. Recent data shows average interest rates of about 6.5% for new vehicles and around 10–11% for used vehicles. At Flitter Milz, we hear from clients with used car finance rates of up to 20% and higher. Higher interest rates make monthly payments more expensive, especially for borrowers with lower credit scores – sometimes called “subprime loans.”

Behind on Auto Loan Payments

When borrowers fall behind on payments lenders may repossess the vehicle within 60 to 120 days after a payment has been missed. For subprime lenders or “buy-here-pay-here” loans, repossessions could occur within 30 days or less after the first missed payment. In most cases, there is no requirement for the lender to notify the borrower in the advance of a repossession.

Steps to Take Before the Repossession

1) Gather all documents from the sale
and finance of the vehicle.
2) Keep all documents in a safe place –NOT IN THE VEHICLE.
3) Take photos of the interior and exterior of the vehicle, to document the condition of the vehicle.
4) Take a photo of the odometer reading.

After the Repossession

Once a repossession has occurred, the lender is required to send a letter through the mail which confirms the repossession took place.  The letter, frequently called a NOTICE OF INTENT TO SELL PROPERTY, will detail steps for the borrower to retrieve the vehicle.

If the borrower is not able to get the vehicle back, the lender may take steps to sell the vehicle at a private sale or auction. Once the vehicle is sold, the lender will send a second letter to the borrower confirming the sale price and show the calculation of any remaining balance owed to satisfy the loan.

NOTE:  Do not discard any letters or notices, including mailing envelopes, emails or texts, received from the lender after repossession.  These documents are important for a legal evaluation.

Qualified Legal Help After Repossession

Flitter Milz has represented many consumers across the country who have fallen victim to car repossession. If your vehicle was repossessed, gather all documents related to the vehicle purchase, financing and repossession and forward them to our office for a legal review. There is no cost for the consultation.
Contact Us:  Toll Free:  888-668-1225   Email:  consumers@consumerslaw.com

Borrowers have rights after vehicle repossession

CARS       TRUCKS       MOTORCYCLES       BOATS       RVs

Flitter Milz is the authority in representing victims of wrongful repossessions by banks, credit unions, financial institutions and their repossession agents.

Borrowers understand that their vehicles can be repossessed if there’s been a default, such as missed or late payments, a lapse in auto insurance, or other cause. However, lenders must follow the law when a vehicle is repossessed.

Whether you missed payments on your auto loan or not, your consumer rights may have been violated. Our firm will evaluate the repossession of your vehicle at no cost.

After repossession, ask yourself these questions:

Did the repo agent act abusively or damage property?
Repo agents can’t threaten or use physical force to take your vehicle, or enter your fenced property without your permission.

 

 

Did the police come and assist the repo agent with the repossession?
The police may be contacted by the repo agent or borrower during a vehicle repossession. Upon arrival at the scene, they are to keep the peace only, or to protect everyone from harm.

 

Did you receive proper notices from your lender after the repossession?
After repossession, the lender is required to send a Repossession Notice which states terms to get the vehicle back and timeframes for the borrower to act.

 

Was your vehicle repossessed within the past six years?

Each state has a different statute of limitations on car repossession debt.  After the statute of limitations has passed on your debt, debtors and collectors can still contact you.  However, they can no longer bring, or threaten to bring, legal action in an effort to collect the debt.

 

Collection of the deficient balance owed on your auto loan?
A Deficiency letter will be sent to the borrower after the vehicle is sold.  This letter shows a calculation of any remaining balance owed to satisfy the loan. The lender may assign collection of this balance to a debt collector.

 

Did the lender file a lawsuit to collect the deficient balance?
The lender may choose to file a lawsuit to collect the deficient balance owed on an auto loan.

 

 

Credit Reporting Auto Loans
After a vehicle repossession, the borrower should obtain current copies of his or her credit reports from Transunion, Experian and Equifax to view accuracy of information related to the repossession. Incorrect information may have an impact on approval for new credit applications.

 

Contact Experienced Consumer Lawyers

Flitter Milz attorneys know repossession law and can protect borrowers from illegal tactics used by banks, credit unions and financial institutions.  We  represent consumers in cases without filing bankruptcy.

 

Contact Us for a no cost legal evaluation of your car, truck, motorcycle, boat or RV.
Phone:  888-668-1225      Email:  consumers@consumerslaw.com

 

 

 

Repossession Class Action Lawsuit Designates Legal Services for cy pres

A recent vehicle repossession class action lawsuit filed in the Lycoming County Court of Common Pleas on behalf of Pennsylvania consumers, asserted that repossession notices sent by a Buy-Here, Pay-Here car dealership and its finance company violated the borrower’s consumer rights.  The class action provided for debt forgiveness, credit report correction, and a cash award to all class members.

Cy Pres Award to North Penn Legal Services

Residual funds, which result from uncashed or non-distributable funds to class members, were awarded to North Penn Legal Services (NPLS), a provider of free civil legal assistance to low-income residents of Northeastern Pennsylvania. These funds are designated as cy pres.

NPLS strives to solve civil legal problems and empower vulnerable populations through professional legal representation, advocacy, and education. NPLS will direct the cy pres funds to continue their work in assisting disadvantaged consumers in Northeastern Pennsylvania.
Pictured  (l-r): Edward G. Schirra, CFO, and Lori Molloy, Esq. of North Penn Legal Services, and Andy Milz, Esq. of Flitter Milz, P.C.

Experienced Class Action Counsel

Flitter Milz, P.C. is a leading consumer protection law firm that pursues class action lawsuits to help people who have been victim to wrongful repossessions, credit report errors, solar panel financing fraud, unfair collection practices, or other types of consumer fraud. Flitter Milz has been recognized for the pursuit of high-profile cases, often involving complex consumer law issues, that have made law and benefited consumers nationwide. Pictured above: Attorneys Cary Flitter (center), Andy Milz (left), Jody López-Jacobs (right).

 

What do I need to know about Auto Repossession?

 

An unexpected illness, loss of employment, or divorce may cause financial hardships that make it difficult for borrowers to maintain payments on an auto loan. While the borrower juggles to keep up with obligations, banks and lenders may take steps to get paid.  In the case of auto loans, the lender may repossess the vehicle without prior notice to the borrower.

Before a Vehicle Repossession

If you anticipate a repossession occurring, evaluate the items left in your vehicle. Although personal property can be retrieved after repossession, items could go missing or be damaged in the process of repossession.

Take steps to protect your possessions:
-Remove all important car purchase and finance documents from the vehicle
-Remove all personal items – car seats, laptops, medications, handbags, etc.
-Note the mileage on the vehicle
-Photograph or Video the condition of your vehicle — interior and exterior.

During the Auto Repossession

-Take note of events during the repossession.
-Videotape/photograph the vehicle and events at the scene.
-Date and time
-Repo Company Name
-Witness names
-Police Officer names & badge #

 

After the Auto Repossession

The lender is required to provide notices to the borrower after the repossession and sale of the vehicle.  These notices are called:

Notice of Intent to Sell Property
The first notice confirms the vehicle was repossessed and informs the borrower of the amount owed and terms to retrieve the vehicle. It will state the vehicle’s location for retrieval of personal property. If the borrower can not meet the terms, the lender will sell the vehicle at an auction or private sale.

Deficiency Notice
Once the vehicle is sold, a second letter is sent to the borrower.  It confirms the selling price of the vehicle and calculates any remaining balance owed to satisfy the loan, including charges for storage and the repossession fee.
If the vehicle sold for more than the amount owed to satisfy the loan, the notice will detail the surplus balance.

Collection of Deficient Auto Loan Balance

The lender may attempt to collect the deficient balance from the borrower or assign the collection to an agency or collection law firm. If the debt is not collected, the lender may choose to file a lawsuit against the borrower.

 

If you have been sued, do not ignore it.

A default judgment could be entered against you. Judgments are dangerous. The lender attempt collection of the judgment through bank attachment, seizure of property, or in many states, wage garnishment.

 

Seek Legal Help from a Qualified Consumer Lawyer

Flitter Milz is a nationally recognized consumer protection law firm experienced in auto repossession law and the pursuit of cases against banks, credit unions, or financial institutions that violated the borrower’s consumer rights. For a no cost consultation,  Contact Us.  We will ask that you gather a copy of your complete signed loan agreement, along with correspondence from the lender sent AFTER the repossession, for the legal review.

 

 

Flitter Milz Attorneys published in widely-used legal treatises

Repossessions

Andy Milz is a contributing author to REPOSSESSION, National Consumer Law Center (10th ed. 2022) Carolyn Carter, Andrew Milz, et. al., considered the leading legal reference book on consumer repossession issues in the United States.  This reference  appears on the shelves of courthouses and law libraries across the country and provides detailed and comprehensive coverage of repossession law throughout all 50 states.

Pennsylvania Consumer Law

Cary Flitter and Andy Milz recently edited three chapters in PENNSYLVANIA CONSUMER LAW, Carolyn Carter, et. al, Geo. Bisel Co., 2d ed. Supp. (2021).  Annually, Flitter and Milz edit chapters on The Law of Repossessions, Attorneys’ Fees for Consumer Litigation, and Odometer Fraud.  This treatise is considered the leading authority on consumer protection law in the Keystone state.

Flitter Milz is an experienced consumer protection law firm in the area of consumer credit finance and auto repossession law.  The firm has recovered tens of millions of dollars for borrowers who have become victim of wrongful repossessions.  Our attorneys have the experience and knowledge to win your case.   Contact us, for a consultation at no cost.
Pictured:  Cary Flitter (center), Andy Milz (left), Jody López-Jacobs (right).

Can I Keep my car if I file for Bankruptcy? 5 things to know.

Buying a car is costly.  Most people finance the purchase of a vehicle by taking out a loan. The agreement states terms for regular monthly payments to be made until the debt is satisfied. If the borrower defaults on payments, the lender has the right to repossess the vehicle.

Auto Finance Law & Bankruptcy  

However, there is a complicated intersection between auto finance law and bankruptcy. Before taking any action, borrowers must understand the implications of bankruptcy and be able to determine the most prudent steps to take before and after a vehicle has been repossessed. In general, merely having your car or truck repossessed is not enough to warrant filing for bankruptcy.  Let’s try to simplify it.

Repossession = Bankruptcy?  Maybe, maybe not.

  1. Filing a bankruptcy can stop a repossession from going forward.
    When a consumer bankruptcy is initiated, the debtor protections include an “automatic stay.” This means that your creditors are prohibited from taking almost all actions to collect a debt.  This automatic provision can be a powerful way to prevent repossession of the car, but only temporarily.
  2. The automatic stay can last weeks or years.
    The stay begins automatically upon filing and lasts only as long as the Court allows it to, which can be anywhere from weeks to several years, depending on the type of bankruptcy you choose to file. However, if you filed an earlier bankruptcy within a year of the new bankruptcy case, the automatic stay will terminate within 30 days. The judge also has the choice of extending or shortening the time period in certain circumstances. Even if you file for bankruptcy, to keep your financed car you will have to resume a car loan repayment schedule.
  3. Filing a bankruptcy after the repossession will not necessarily get you the car back.
    If the lender already repossessed your car, then the bankruptcy does not necessarily require the lender to return the car.  If the car was already sold by the lender by the time you file bankruptcy, then it is already too late.  However, if the sale has not gone forward, a bankruptcy may stop the lender from selling the car, and perhaps you can get it back by agreeing to ongoing monthly payments. This is something to discuss with your bankruptcy attorney.
  4. If you file bankruptcy, you might have to eventually give up the car, but not always.
    The point of bankruptcy is to help people in debt have a fresh start.  Because of this, there are certain state and federal exemptions you can claim to prevent the car from being lost to the bankruptcy.  For example, under the federal rules, you can claim $4,450 in a motor vehicle as exempt.  This means that if you owe less than that amount on the car, you’ll be able to keep it.  If you owe more, then the trustee may sell your car, pay you $4,450 for the exemption, and distribute the rest among your creditors — unless you make a showing of need before the bankruptcy court, something your bankruptcy lawyer can help with.
  5. Even if you file bankruptcy, you will likely need to continue making car payments throughout the bankruptcy if you want to keep the car.
    This is because the lender has “lien” or “security interest” in the car, which is still recognized in the bankruptcy.  So, if you don’t pay as agreed, or if you default on the car loan in some other way (g. failing to maintain insurance) then the lender may still be able to repossess the car.  Practically speaking, you’ll need to keep paying on the car loan if you want to keep the car through your bankruptcy.

    Borrowers have rights when facing repossession

If your car was already repossessed, you have other rights as a consumer borrower, separate from any bankruptcy proceeding.  Bankruptcy is only one tool or avenue if your car or truck has been repossessed – and it might, or might not, be right for your specific situation. Consult with an experienced consumer lawyer to understand your options outside of a bankruptcy.

Seek advice from an Experienced Consumer Lawyer

If you’re concerned that the lender my repossess your vehicle, or perhaps thinking of filing bankruptcy to get your car back after repossession, contact Flitter Milz for a no cost case evaluation. Our attorneys are knowledgeable of consumer laws that protect borrowers from wrongful repossessions.
Pictured l-r: Attorneys Cary Flitter and Andy Milz.

Are there Advantages to a Voluntary Repossession?

While most repossessions are initiated by the lender, sometimes it’s the borrower that decides to voluntarily surrender his or her vehicle.  Whether or not, after a repossession it’s important for the borrower to understand his or her financial responsibility to satisfy the loan once the lender has taken possession of the vehicle.

Surrendering Your Vehicle

The choice to voluntarily surrender your vehicle is not easy decision. Borrowers understand that the lender has the right to repossess the vehicle if they can’t meet the terms agreed upon in their auto loan agreement.

After payments are missed or late, the lender could come to take the vehicle at any time of day or night. Repossessions are stressful and usually occur at the most inopportune times.

Often, borrowers faced with the possibility of repossession may choose to voluntarily give their car back. A voluntary repossession allows the borrower to have some control and address financial troubles in a less stressful manner, and without the shock of finding the car missing.

Ten Advantages of a Voluntary Repossession:

1. Arranged return of the vehicle – date, time and location
2. Removal of all personal belongings from the vehicle
3. Removal of all important documents from the vehicle
4. Removal of the license place
5. Photograph the condition of the vehicle – interior & exterior
6. Take odometer reading to know precise mileage on the vehicle
7. Contact auto insurance carrier to inform of the voluntary repossession
8. Deliver the vehicle and keys to a convenient location
9. May not have to pay a repossession fee
10. May not have to pay storage fee

Voluntary Repossession Will Not Cancel Your Loan

A voluntary repossession does not dismiss the responsibility that the borrower has to satisfy the loan.  The financial obligation and collection process from a voluntary repossession are the same as a regular repossession.

First, after taking back the vehicle, the lender will send a repossession notice, or Notice of Intent to Sell Property, to the borrower. This letter states the location of the vehicle, terms to get the vehicle back, where to retrieve personal property, and where and when the vehicle will be sold.

Second, once the vehicle has been sold, the borrower will receive a letter called a Deficiency Notice.  This notice informs the borrower of the selling price of their vehicle and shows the calculation of any remaining balance owed on to satisfy the loan.

Collection of the deficient balance may be handled by the lender’s collection department, or the lender may assign this task to a third-party collector. If the collector is unsuccessful in collecting the balance, the lender may choose to file a lawsuit against the borrower to collect this balance.

Repossession and Your Credit Report

Both voluntary surrender and lender-initiated repossession carry negative weight on a credit report.  It’s not just the repossession that is listed on credit reports, but also, the missed or late payments that may have led to the repossession in the first place.

These negative listings can remain on your credit report for up to seven and one-half years, jeopardizing the ability to obtain another auto loan, or one with favorable credit terms.  In addition, repossessions could have other negative consequences such as creditors raising interest rates, the reduction of credit limits, or an overall drop in credit scores.

Seek Legal Help After Repossession

Flitter Milz is a nationally recognized consumer protection law firm that pursues matters against banks, credit unions and financial institutions for the wrongful repossession of cars, truck, motorcycles, RVs and boats.  Contact Us for a no cost legal evaluation to determine whether your consumer rights have been violated.  Pictured:  Cary Flitter (center), Andy Milz (left), Jody López-Jacobs (right)

 

How to Maintain Good Credit During Divorce

Financial Separation is Key

Getting divorced is never easy. Although it is an unfortunate fact of life for more than half of all U.S. couples, parting ways with your spouse doesn’t mean that your credit has to take a hit.

Separating financially is crucial as most married couples share joint assets, such as homes, cars, credit cards and loans. But the division of these accounts can be a messy financial predicament.  It is important for you to protect your credit, and good name, as you work towards an independent life from your spouse.

Credit Impact During Divorce

Joint accounts have joint consequences, and often with the stress of divorce one spouse may have forgotten to make a payment, or assumed the other spouse did. Missed or late payments may result in contact from debt collectors, negative credit reporting and lowered credit scores.  To ensure joint accounts get paid properly and on time take these steps:

1. Calendar payments.
–   Identify accounts: your name v. joint.
–   Create a file for each account.
–   Organize account statements.
–   Calendar payment due dates.
–   Review accounts for payment status.

 

2. Obtain Current Credit Reports.  Transunion, Experian and Equifax are the three main credit reporting agencies. Consumers are entitled to receive one free credit report from each bureau every year.  Sometimes, consumers choose to enroll in a credit monitoring service which enables review of credit reports on a regular basis throughout the year.

How to get credit reports.  We suggest that you send a written request to each credit bureau to obtain a report.  Your letter should include two forms of identification, such as a current driver’s license and utility bill. It takes about two weeks to receive your reports.  While you can also obtain your reports online through www.annualcreditreport.com, this method requires you to agree to terms in a “click” agreement, which could negatively impact your consumer rights.

3. Identify your accounts
Review your reports and identify accounts in your name and those that are joint with a spouse.  Evaluate your reports for errors such as:

            • Inaccurate personal identifying information.
            • Account balance or payment history errors.
            • Duplicate account information.
            • Personal information belonging to someone else.
            • Accounts opened by someone other than yourself.

4. If Inaccurate…Dispute!  After obtaining your credit report, if there are errors, you should send a dispute letter to the credit reporting agency to request that the errors be corrected.  Be sure to enclose documents that support your claim. The credit bureaus have 30 days to respond to your dispute. You may include documents such as, account statements, cancelled checks, court docket information, or collection correspondence that  prove why your claim of an error is valid.

One Dispute Letter Per Error. If you find multiple errors on a credit report, dispute them individually with the bureau. Enclose a copy of the credit report with the error highlighted and your supporting documents. The credit bureaus then have 30 days to respond to your dispute letter.

 

 

The Fair Credit Reporting Act 
The Fair Credit Reporting Act is a federal law governing how consumer credit information can be used and distributed. Consumers have the right to see what’s on their credit reports and dispute errors and inaccurate information. Errors not corrected, may violate the consumer’s rights.

Seek Legal Help

Flitter Milz, P.C. represents people in consumer credit matters related to credit reporting accuracy and privacy, abusive debt collection contact and vehicle repossessions which stem from a pending divorce or separation.  Contact Us for a no-cost consultation.

 

Are You the Victim of a Wrongful Auto Repossession?

Auto repossessionWrongful Auto Repossessions

Auto Repossessions never occur at a convenient time. Without warning, the repo agent may come to take your vehicle. You may be at home, work, out shopping, or visiting family or friends. Even if you anticipated the auto repossession, losing your transportation is frightening.

When a borrower falls behind on payments or defaults on the terms of an auto loan, the lender has the right to repossess the vehicle. The lender is not required to notify the borrower in advance of the auto repossession but will hire a third party, such as a towing company or repossession agency, to locate the vehicle and handle the auto repossession. Before taking the vehicle, the repo agent is to inform the local police department of the auto repossession order.

Repossessions must be handled lawfully
Often, encounters between the repo man and the borrower are tense. Although the lender may have the right to take back the property, the repo agent must handle the auto repossession in a lawful manner. If the repo agent uses abusive tactics while taking the vehicle, the borrower may be able to file suit.

Repo agents must not:

  • Threaten the borrower
  • Use physical force against the borrower
  • Access locked or fenced-in areas without permission
  • Damage the borrower’s personal property or vehicle

The lender may be responsible for the actions of an errant repo agent, whether the borrower missed payments or defaulted on the terms of the auto loan.

Police Involvement

The police may be called to the scene to diffuse a volatile confrontation between the repo agent and the borrower. But there are limits to what the police can do.

Auto repossession

-Police may not facilitate or assist the repo agent in the process of an auto repossession.

-They may not threaten arrest or
command the borrower to “hand over the keys” or “step aside” while the repo agent hooks up the vehicle to take it away.

Keeping the Peace or Breaching the Peace
Police may have crossed the line from keeping the peace to breaching the peace when they assist in the repossession of a vehicle. The borrower’s constitutional rights may be violated when the police become involved. These situations may provide grounds for a lawsuit to be filed against the police department, and possibly the repo agent and the lender.

Seek Legal Help from a Qualified Consumer Lawyer

Flitter Milz is a nationally recognized consumer protection law firm experienced in auto repossession law and the pursuit of cases against banks, credit unions, or financial institutions that violated the consumer’s rights.
Contact Us for a no-cost legal consultation.

 

Can I Be Sued for Not Paying My Car Loan?

Loan Lawsuit with car repossession

The continuing rise in auto loan debt is placing many consumers in a financially vulnerable position, particularly during the current economic downturn. What if you are unable to pay your car loan? Can this lead to a lawsuit? Knowing the process of repossession can both lessen your stress and help you decide the best course of action.

Continue reading Can I Be Sued for Not Paying My Car Loan? →